Cryptocurrency and Investment Taxation — Portugal

Crypto gains taxed at 28% when selling or trading. Includes: crypto to EUR, crypto to crypto, using crypto for payment. Calculated on gain: sale price minus purchase price. Can deduct transaction fees. Report in Anexo G of annual return. One of Europe's clearer crypto tax systems.

Just holding crypto? No tax. Bitcoin increases from €10,000 to €50,000? Tax only when you sell. Can hold indefinitely tax-free. Unlike some countries with wealth taxes. Only realization triggers tax.

Mining and staking rewards: taxed as business income (Category B) at progressive rates when received. Then taxed again at 28% when selling. NHR holders: if structured properly, might qualify for 20% flat rate on mining income. Complex - get advice.

Debated: if crypto held on foreign exchange (Coinbase US, Kraken), are gains tax-exempt for NHR holders? Tax authority position: crypto gains are Portuguese-source (28% tax regardless). Some argue gains from US exchange are foreign-source. Case law developing. Don't assume exemption without professional confirmation.

Dividends from Portuguese and foreign companies: 28% tax. Portuguese companies withhold tax automatically. Foreign dividends: declare in annual return, pay 28%. Can credit foreign withholding tax to avoid double taxation. NHR holders: foreign dividends tax-exempt, Portuguese dividends 28%.

Gains from selling stocks, bonds, funds: 28% flat tax. Applies to Portuguese and foreign securities. Can deduct losses from gains in same year. Loss carry-forward limited. Report in Anexo G. NHR holders: foreign securities gains tax-exempt, Portuguese securities 28%.

ETF distributions and capital gains when selling: 28%. Irish-domiciled ETFs (common in Europe) treated as foreign securities - exempt for NHR holders. US ETFs also exempt for NHR. Standard residents: 28% on all gains regardless of domicile.

Rental income (Category F): choice of progressive rates (13-48%) with expense deductions, OR 28% flat tax on gross income. Most choose 28% for simplicity. Must declare quarterly. NHR holders: foreign rental income tax-exempt, Portuguese rental 28% or progressive.

Selling property: 50% of capital gain is taxable income, added to other income and taxed at progressive rates (13-48%). Effective rate: 6.5-24%. Exemption if: main residence held 3+ years and reinvest proceeds in another Portuguese main residence within 36 months. Complex calculations - use accountant.

IMI: annual property tax 0.3-0.45% (urban) or 0.8% (rural) of fiscal value. IMT: transfer tax when buying, 0-8% of value. AIMI: wealth tax on properties above €600,000. All separate from income tax. Significant costs for property investors.